Data Storage Converter

MB (megabyte) can mean 1,000,000 bytes (decimal) or 1,048,576 bytes (binary). MiB (mebibyte) always means 1,048,576 bytes (binary). This converter uses binary MB = 1,048,576 bytes. The IEC recommends MiB for binary and MB for decimal, but most operating systems still use MB to mean the binary value.

Yes, the converter handles values up to several petabytes through its internal floating-point arithmetic. The primary result displays up to four decimal places, and alternative units use appropriate precision for each scale.

Manufacturers advertise using decimal units: 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. Operating systems report using binary units: 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. Converting 1,000,000,000,000 bytes to binary GB gives approximately 931 GiB. The drive contains exactly the advertised number of bytes; it is the unit definition that differs. This converter uses binary (1024-based) factors throughout.

A bit is a single binary digit (0 or 1). A byte is 8 bits. Data storage is measured in bytes, while network speeds are measured in bits per second (Mbps, Gbps). To convert between them, multiply or divide by 8. A 100 Mbps connection can theoretically transfer 12.5 MB per second.

In binary (used by this converter), 1 GB = 1,024 MB. In decimal (used by drive manufacturers), 1 GB = 1,000 MB. The binary value reflects how computers address memory and storage at the hardware level. Always check which standard your application uses.

MB/s (megabytes per second) and Mbps (megabits per second) differ by a factor of 8: 1 MB/s = 8 Mbps. Internet service is advertised in Mbps, but file download speeds in web browsers and download managers typically show MB/s. A 100 Mbps connection delivers approximately 12.5 MB/s under ideal conditions.

In binary (used by this converter and most operating systems): 1 KB = 1,024 bytes. In decimal (used by hard drive manufacturers): 1 KB = 1,000 bytes. The IEC recommends KiB for 1,024 bytes and KB for 1,000 bytes, but adoption is inconsistent across platforms and applications.

A single-layer DVD is advertised as 4.7 GB using decimal units (4,700,000,000 bytes). In binary terms this equals approximately 4.38 GiB. The discrepancy is not unique to DVDs; all optical discs, SSDs, and hard drives follow the same decimal labelling convention.

In binary (used by this converter), 1 TB = 1,024 GB. In decimal (used by storage manufacturers), 1 TB = 1,000 GB. For example, a 1 TB drive in binary is 1,099,511,627,776 bytes, while in decimal it is 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. The difference between these two standards causes the apparent capacity discrepancy noticed by most consumers.

A petabyte (PB) is 1,024 TB or approximately 1.125 quadrillion bytes. Organisations dealing with large-scale data such as video surveillance archives, scientific research datasets, social media platforms, and cloud storage providers operate at petabyte scale. A single petabyte can store about 200,000 DVD-quality movies or 500 billion pages of text.

Divide the file size in bits by your internet speed in bits per second. For a 1 GB file: convert to bits (1,073,741,824 bytes x 8 = 8,589,934,592 bits), then divide by speed. At 100 Mbps (100,000,000 bits/s), the file would take approximately 86 seconds. Always convert file sizes from bytes to bits before dividing by the connection speed.

Three factors reduce usable capacity: the manufacturer uses decimal units while the OS uses binary (a 1 TB drive shows ~931 GiB), the file system reserves space for metadata and journaling (NTFS reserves about 5-10 GB for a 1 TB drive), and SSDs reserve NAND for over-provisioning and wear levelling. Together these reduce a 1 TB drive to approximately 850-930 GiB of usable space depending on the drive type and file system.

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